What Percentage Of Animals Tested Are Primates

An estimated 26 1000000 animals are used every year in the United States for scientific and commercial testing. Animals are used to develop medical treatments, determine the toxicity of medications, check the safety of products destined for human being apply, and other biomedical, commercial, and wellness care uses. Research on living animals has been practiced since at least 500 BC.

Proponents of fauna testing say that it has enabled the evolution of many life-saving treatments for both humans and animals, that there is no culling method for researching a consummate living organism, and that strict regulations prevent the mistreatment of animals in laboratories.

Opponents of animate being testing say that it is brutal and inhumane to experiment on animals, that alternative methods bachelor to researchers can replace animal testing, and that animals are and then dissimilar from human beings that inquiry on animals often yields irrelevant results. Read more groundwork…

Pro & Con Arguments

Pro i

Animal testing contributes to life-saving cures and treatments.

The California Biomedical Research Association states that nearly every medical breakthrough in the terminal 100 years has resulted directly from research using animals. [9] Animal inquiry has contributed to major advances in treating atmospheric condition such as breast cancer, brain injury, childhood leukemia, cystic fibrosis, multiple sclerosis, tuberculosis, and more, and was instrumental in the development of pacemakers, cardiac valve substitutes, and anesthetics. [10] [11] [12] [13]

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Pro two

Animal testing is crucial to ensure that vaccines are safe.

Scientists racing to develop a vaccine for coronavirus during the 2020 global pandemic need to examination on genetically modified mice to ensure that the vaccine doesn't make the virus worse.[133] [119] Nikolai Petrovsky, professor in the College of Medicine and Public Wellness at Flinders University in Commonwealth of australia, said testing a coronavirus vaccine on animals is "absolutely essential" and skipping that step would be "fraught with difficulty and danger." [133]

Researchers have to test extensively to prevent "vaccine enhancement," a situation in which a vaccine actually makes the illness worse in some people. [141] Peter Hotez, Dean for the National School of Tropical Medicine at Baylor College, said, "The way you reduce that risk is first you evidence it does not occur in laboratory animals." [119]

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Pro 3

There is no adequate alternative to testing on a living, whole-body organisation.

A living systems, man beings and animals are extremely complex. Studying cell cultures in a petri dish, while sometimes useful, does not provide the opportunity to study interrelated processes occurring in the central nervous system, endocrine system, and immune system. [nine] Evaluating a drug for side effects requires a circulatory system to carry the medicine to unlike organs. [xv]

Conditions such every bit blindness and high blood pressure level cannot be studied in tissue cultures. [ix] Fifty-fifty the most powerful supercomputers are unable to accurately simulate the workings of the human brain's 100 billion interconnected nerve cells. [132]

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Pro 4

Animals are advisable research subjects considering they are similar to human being beings in many ways.

Chimpanzees share 99% of their Dna with humans, and mice are 98% genetically similar to humans. [9] All mammals, including humans, are descended from mutual ancestors, and all accept the same set of organs (heart, kidneys, lungs, etc.) that office in essentially the aforementioned way with the help of a bloodstream and fundamental nervous system. [17] Because animals and humans are and so biologically similar, they are susceptible to many of the same conditions and illnesses, including heart illness, cancer, and diabetes. [18]

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Pro 5

Animals must be used in cases when ethical considerations prevent the use of human subjects.

When testing medicines for potential toxicity, the lives of human volunteers should not exist put in danger unnecessarily. It would be unethical to perform invasive experimental procedures on human beings before the methods have been tested on animals, and some experiments involve genetic manipulation that would exist unacceptable to impose on human subjects before animal testing. [nineteen] The Globe Medical Association Annunciation of Helsinki states that homo trials should be preceded by tests on animals. [20]

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Pro vi

Animals themselves benefit from the results of animal testing.

Vaccines tested on animals have saved millions of animals that would otherwise take died from rabies, distemper, feline leukemia, infectious hepatitis virus, tetanus, anthrax, and canine parvo virus. Treatments for animals developed using animate being testing also include pacemakers for middle disease and remedies for glaucoma and hip dysplasia. [9] [21]

Fauna testing has been instrumental in saving endangered species from extinction, including the blackness-footed ferret, the California condor and the tamarins of Brazil. [xiii] [9] The American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) endorses creature testing to develop safe drugs, vaccines, and medical devices. [23]

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Pro 7

Beast research is highly regulated, with laws in place to protect animals from mistreatment.

In add-on to local and country laws and guidelines, animal research has been regulated by the federal Animal Welfare Act (AWA) since 1966. Every bit well as stipulating minimum housing standards for inquiry animals (enclosure size, temperature, access to clean food and water, and others), the AWA also requires regular inspections past veterinarians. [three]

All proposals to utilize animals for enquiry must be approved by an Institutional Animate being Intendance and Employ Committee (IACUC) prepare by each research facility. Well-nigh major research institutions' programs are voluntarily reviewed for humane practices by the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Intendance International (AAALAC). [24] [25]

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Pro 8

Animals often make better enquiry subjects than human being beings considering of their shorter life cycles.

Laboratory mice, for example, live for only 2 to three years, so researchers can study the furnishings of treatments or genetic manipulation over a whole lifespan, or across several generations, which would be infeasible using human subjects. [29] [9] Mice and rats are especially well-suited to long-term cancer research, partly because of their curt lifespans. [thirty]

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Pro 9

Creature researchers treat animals humanely, both for the animals' sake and to ensure reliable test results.

Inquiry animals are cared for by veterinarians, husbandry specialists, and beast wellness technicians to ensure their well-being and more accurate findings. Rachel Rubino, attending veterinarian and director of the creature facility at Cold Springs Harbor Laboratory, said, "Most people who work with research animals love those animals… Nosotros want to give them the all-time lives possible, treat them humanely." [28] At Cedars-Sinai Medical Center'southward animal research facility, dogs are given exercise breaks twice daily to socialize with their caretakers and other dogs, and a "toy rotation program" provides opportunities for play.[32]

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Pro x

Animals do not have rights, therefore information technology is adequate to experiment on them.

Animals do non have the cognitive power or moral judgment that humans do and considering of this they have been treated differently than humans by virtually every civilization throughout recorded history. If nosotros granted animals rights, all humans would take to get vegetarians, and hunting would need to be outlawed. [33] [34]

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Pro 11

The vast majority of biologists and several of the largest biomedical and health organizations in the United States endorse animal testing.

A poll of three,748 scientists by the Pew Enquiry Eye constitute that 89% favored the use of animals in scientific research. [120] The American Cancer Club, American Physiological Society, National Association for Biomedical Research, American Eye Clan, and the Social club of Toxicology all abet the use of animals in scientific research. [36] [37] [38] [39] [40]

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Pro 12

Some cosmetics and wellness care products must exist tested on animals to ensure their safe.

American women use an average of 12 personal care products per day, so product rubber is of neat importance. [41] The US Food and Drug Administration endorses the use of animal tests on cosmetics to "assure the safety of a product or ingredient." [42] China requires that most cosmetics be tested on animals earlier they go on sale, so cosmetics companies must accept their products tested on animals if they want distribution in one of the largest markets in the world. [43] Manufacturers of products such as hand sanitizer and insect repellent, which can protect people from Zika, malaria, and W Nile Virus, test on animals to meet legal requirements for putting these products on the market. [44]

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Con 1

Fauna testing is fell and inhumane.

According to Humane Society International, animals used in experiments are commonly subjected to force feeding, food and water deprivation, the infliction of burns and other wounds to study the healing process, the infliction of hurting to report its effects and remedies, and "killing by carbon dioxide asphyxiation, neck-breaking, decapitation, or other means." [47] The U.s.a. Section of Agriculture reported in Jan. 2020 that research facilities used over 300,000 animals in activities involving pain in just one year.[102]

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Con 2

Scientists are able to exam vaccines on humans volunteers.

Unlike animals used for research, humans are able to requite consent to exist used in testing and are a feasible option when the need arises. [142] The COVID-19 (coronavirus) global pandemic demonstrated that researchers can skip animal testing and go directly to observing how vaccines work in humans. One company working on a COVID-19 vaccine, Moderna Therapeutics, worked on developing a vaccine using new engineering science: instead of existence based on a weakened form of the virus, it was developed using a synthetic copy of the COVID-19 genetic lawmaking. [143]

Because the company didn't take the traditional path of isolating live samples of a virus, information technology was able to fast-rail the evolution process. [144] Tal Zaks, chief medical officer at Moderna, said, "I don't think proving this in an beast model is on the critical path to getting this to a clinical trial." [145]

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Con iii

Culling testing methods now exist that tin replace the need for animals.

Other inquiry methods such as in vitro testing (tests done on human cells or tissue in a petri dish) offer opportunities to reduce or replace animal testing. [fifteen] Technological advancements in 3D printing allow the possibility for tissue bioprinting: a French visitor is working to bioprint a liver that can test the toxicity of a drug.[16] Bogus homo pare, such equally the commercially available products EpiDerm and ThinCert, can exist fabricated from sheets of human skin cells grown in test tubes or plastic wells and may produce more than useful results than testing chemicals on creature skin. [fifteen] [fifty] [51]

The Ecology Protection Agency is so confident in alternatives that the agency intends to reduce chemic testing on mammals xxx% by 2025 and stop it altogether by 2035. [134] Humane Society International establish that animal tests were more expensive than in vitro (testing performed exterior of living organisms) in every scenario studied. [61]

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Con four

Animals are very different from human beings and therefore make poor test subjects.

The anatomic, metabolic, and cellular differences between animals and people make animals poor models for human being beings. [52] Paul Furlong, Professor of Clinical Neuroimaging at Aston University (UK), states that "information technology'southward very hard to create an animal model that fifty-fifty equates closely to what we're trying to achieve in the human." [53] Thomas Hartung, Professor of testify-based toxicology at Johns Hopkins Academy, argues for alternatives to animate being testing because "we are not seventy kg rats." [54]

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Con five

Drugs that pass animate being tests are not necessarily safe.

The 1950s sleeping pill thalidomide, which caused 10,000 babies to be born with astringent deformities, was tested on animals prior to its commercial release. [5] Later tests on meaning mice, rats, republic of guinea pigs, cats, and hamsters did not result in nativity defects unless the drug was administered at extremely loftier doses. [109] [110] Animal tests on the arthritis drug Vioxx showed that it had a protective effect on the hearts of mice, yet the drug went on to cause more than 27,000 center attacks and sudden cardiac deaths before being pulled from the market. [55] [56]

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Con 6

Animal tests may mislead researchers into ignoring potential cures and treatments.

Some chemicals that are ineffective on (or harmful to) animals testify valuable when used by humans. Aspirin, for example, is unsafe for some brute species. [105] Intravenous vitamin C has shown to be effective in treating sepsis in humans, but makes no divergence to mice. [127] Fk-506 (tacrolimus), used to lower the risk of organ transplant rejection, was "almost shelved" because of brute test results, according to neurologist Aysha Akhtar. [105] A report on Slate.com stated that a "source of human suffering may be the dozens of promising drugs that get shelved when they cause issues in animals that may not be relevant for humans." [106]

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Con vii

But 5% of animals used in experiments are protected by U.s. law.

The Animal Welfare Human action (AWA) does non apply to rats, mice, fish, and birds, which account for 95% of the animals used in enquiry. [28] The types of animals covered by the AWA account for fewer than ane 1000000 animals used in enquiry facilities each year, which leaves around 25 one thousand thousand other animals without protection from mistreatment. [1] [two] [26] [102] [135] The US Department of Agriculture, which inspects facilities for AWA compliance, compiles almanac statistics on animal testing but they only include data on the small percentage of animals subject field to the Act.[135]

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Con 8

Beast tests do not reliably predict results in man beings.

94% of drugs that pass animal tests fail in human clinical trials. [57] Co-ordinate to neurologist Aysha Akhtar, MD, MPH, over 100 stroke drugs that were effective when tested on animals have failed in humans, and over 85 HIV vaccines failed in humans after working well in not-man primates. [58] A study published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United states of america of America (PNAS) found that most 150 clinical trials (human tests) of treatments to reduce inflammation in critically ill patients have been undertaken, and all of them failed, despite beingness successful in beast tests. [59] [58]

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Con ix

At that place is increasing demand for cruelty-free products.

More than one-third of women only buy cosmetics from brands that do not use animal testing. [136] The marketplace for cruelty-complimentary cosmetics (products not tested on animals) is estimated to reach $10 billion by 2024. [137] At to the lowest degree 37 countries have banned or restricted the sale of cosmetics with ingredients tested on animals, including nations in the European Wedlock. [138] In the The states, California became the first country to make it illegal to sell most cosmetics that underwent brute testing. [139]

Michael Bachelor, Senior Scientist and Production Manager at biotech company MatTek, stated, "We can now create a model from human skin cells — keratinocytes — and produce normal skin or even a model that mimics a skin disease like psoriasis. Or we can use man paint-producing cells — melanocytes — to create a pigmented skin model that is similar to human skin from different ethnicities. You can't do that on a mouse or a rabbit." [140]

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Con ten

Most experiments involving animals are flawed, wasting the lives of the brute subjects.

A peer-reviewed study plant serious flaws in the majority of publicly funded United states of america and UK animal studies using rodents and primates: "only 59% of the studies stated the hypothesis or objective of the report and the number and characteristics of the animals used." [64] A 2017 study found further flaws in animal studies, including "wrong data interpretation, unforeseen technical issues, incorrectly constituted (or absent) control groups, selective information reporting, inadequate or varying software systems, and blatant fraud." [128]

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Con 11

The Animal Welfare Act has non succeeded in preventing horrific cases of animal abuse in inquiry laboratories.

Violations of the Animal Welfare Act at the federally funded New Iberia Research Center (NIRC) in Louisiana included maltreatment of primates who were suffering such severe psychological stress that they engaged in self-mutilation, babe primates awake and alert during painful experiments, and chimpanzees being intimidated and shot with a dart gun. [68]

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Con 12

Medical breakthroughs involving animal inquiry may still have been made without the use of animals.

Devoting plenty money and resource to animate being-free alternatives could result in the same medical advances achieved through fauna testing. [107] [129] [130] Humane Research Australia (HRA) reports that many discoveries fabricated past non-animate being methods were later verified past animal experiments, "giving imitation credit" to animal use. [130]

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Did Y'all Know?
1. 95% of animals used in experiments are not protected by the federal Animal Welfare Act (AWA), which excludes birds, rats and mice bred for research, and cold-blooded animals such as reptiles and virtually fish. [1] [two] [three]
2. 89% of scientists surveyed by the Pew Enquiry Center were in favor of animal testing for scientific research. [120]
three. Chimpanzees share 99% of their Deoxyribonucleic acid with humans, and mice are 98% genetically similar to humans. The US National Institutes of Health appear information technology would retire its remaining 50 research chimpanzees to the Federal Chimpanzee Sanctuary System in 2015, leaving Gabon as the only country to still experiment on chimps. [4] [117]
4. A Jan. 2020 report from the USDA showed that in i year of enquiry, California used more cats (1,682) for testing than whatever other state. Ohio used the most guinea pigs (35,206), and Massachusetts used the most dogs (half dozen,771) and primates (eleven,795). [102]
5. Researchers Joseph and Charles Vacanti grew a human "ear" seeded from implanted cow cartilage cells on the back of a living mouse to explore the possibility of fabricating body parts for plastic and reconstructive surgery. [108]

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